1.5.1-Supernatting/CIDR-Introduction

Supernetting/CIDR Introduction Introduction Supernetting, also known as Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR), is another awesome subject. It exists thanks to the wide adoption of the Internet, which lead to the exhaustion of the available IP Addresses. More specifically, supernetting was invented in 1993 with the purpose of extending the 32 bit IP address lifetime until the adoption of IPv6 was complete. Putting it as simply as possible, supernets are used to combine multiple Class C networks into groups, which the router, in turn, treats as one big network. It might not seem like a smart thing to do, but if you look at the picture on a larger scale you will notice some of the really awesome advantages this offers. The creation of Supernets is also known as Address Aggregation. The Big Picture Consider this realistic example: You work for a large ISP with a few hundred networks to which it provides services like Internet access, e-mail etc. These networks, which basically are your ISP's clients, consist of 254 host IPs each (One full Class C network for each client), and they each have a permanent connection to your headquarters via ISDN (represented by the yellow lines) and from there your ISP has a direct connection to the Internet Backbone. This diagram shows the example network we're talking about. Our main focus is the two routers the ISP has, Router No.1 and Router No.2, because these will be affected when we supernet the networks. Routers No.1 & No.2 exchange information with each other and update their tables, which contain the networks they know about. Router 2 connects directly to 10 networks and needs to let Router 1 know about each one of them. Router 1 in turn will also advertise these networks to the Internet Backbone Router so it too will know about these networks. The above setup requires that Router No.1 and the Internet Backbone Router each have more than 13 separate entries in their routing tables to make sure that each network is accessible from them. This is not so bad for this example, but try to imagine the problems and the complexity of a similar setup where you have thousands of networks, where the routing tables would be enormous ! Also, you should keep in mind that the larger the routing table, the more work the router needs to do because it has a huge table of routes to maintain and look through all the time. By using Supernetting, we could supernet the whole network so it appears to the Internet as follows: You can clearly see that all the clients' networks have been combined into one big network. Even though Router No.1 and the Internet Backbone router see only one big network, Router No.2 knows all about the smaller Class C networks since it is the one "hiding" them from the rest of the world and makes sure it sends the correct data to each network. We are going to look at a more detailed example later on so we can understand exactly how supernetting works. NOTE There are some limitations with Supernetting - this is why there is a rule which we must follow so we don't bump into big routing problems and upset the network. We will have a closer look at the rule on the next page. The reason for evolution Supernetting has become very popular and there are a lot of reasons why: Class B network address space has nearly been exhausted A small percentage of class C network addresses have been assigned to networks Routing tables in Internet routers have grown to a size beyond  the ability of software and people to effectively manage The 32-bit IP address space will eventually be exhausted How Supernets work If you understand how Subnetting works, then you will surely understand Supernetting. Supernets are the opposite of Subnets in that they combine multiple Class C networks into blocks rather than dividing them into segments. When Subnetting, we borrow bits from the Host ID portion, which increases the number of bits used for the Network ID portion. With Supernetting we do exactly the opposite, meaning we take the bits from the Network ID portion and give them to the Host ID portion, as illustrated in the picture below: The next page deals with a detailed example to give you an in-depth analysis of Supernetting. The main concept you need to understand is that Supernetting is all about combining multiple Class C networks into one or more groups and it does this by taking bits from the Network IDportion and, by doing so, the bits assigned to the Host ID portion increase. I think that's a pretty good introduction to Supernetting :) Let's take a look at an example to see and understand how exactly Supernetting works in practice.

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